HOW IMPORTANT ENGLISH IS IN ECONOMIC BUSINESS

HOW IMPORTANT ENGLISH IS IN

ECONOMIC BUSINESS

          Mastery of the English language into knowledge that we must learn as an Indonesian. Beginning in the 1960s English has become the subject of no less importance to other subjects. From an early age should be applied and taught to speak English, not just needed during the school alone but to the world of work even more old English language will be used. For it is not there any disadvantages to master the English language, because the longer development will be more modern and jamanpun inggrispun language will be the language used priority.

          Mastery of the English language is very important in many fields, including in the fields of business, education, world periwisata and certainly for the future and globalization.

BUSINESS AREAS AND GLOBALIZATION

         In the business world the English language plays an important role, especially if we establish cooperation with foreign companies. The business world is increasingly globalized, more and more local companies including Indonesian company has entered into the world market and use English as the primary communication tool, and more and more international companies enter the local market, the use of English is the language of "business" increasingly perceived as a necessity. In addition, seen a lot of cases that we have encountered which are often negotiations failed because of a misunderstanding with prospective foreign partners, the work was delayed because of communication haltingly with clients from other countries or job application in a foreign company was rejected because of the lack of English language skills and equal employment opportunity with the company canceled because of international class could not provide manpower who can speak English. Thus the English language is very important for us to be able to improve the quality of existing didiri us to be able to compete internationally, especially in the field of business.

          In the era of globalization is a lot of development in various fields, including in the world of free trade, indutrial and company which began to enter into the country, the increase in foreign investors which led to foreign companies established in our country and there are many more in other areas, and therefore very English important for us to master in order to compete with foreign parties.

English can be said is the mother of a variety of languages, meaning that English is an international language that can connect communication in various countries, for example, an official met with other officials of different nationality, they use English to communicate with each other. Dibangku sekolahlah English class has an important role. If it had been plunged into the world of work the days of globalization must be skilled to speak English in order to compete with the free market place. Because with the English language skills of our careers in the world of work can continue to climb, especially if we work in a foreign company, the greater the demands kerjapun, do not like working in the company of local English language is required if a meeting or meet with clients from abroad but foreigners in the company if it wants communicate with co-workers who come from abroad and send email with a company in another party branches should also wear English. All communications have used language is English internasionel.

That is the importance of English in the present, future and the future of globalization as more and more priority today English is used in the community.

Business economic strategy

           In addition, we must have a business economic strategy to achieve business objectives. Here are a few strategies for business economics to start a business

1. Understand your current business position

          Perform observations business internally and externally, is happening to this day, such as financial performance, customer satisfaction, sales staff, marketing and sales trends, conversion, productivity and so forth. Look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to your business. Understand well sell unique business strategy and ideal for the customer.

Also understand the business environment, competitors and the market you are aiming. Is your market share, how do you expect the market growth, and change what is happening in the market. Note also the trend of political, economic, social and technology that could have an impact on your business. It is important for you to be realistic, critical and objective in conducting this analysis.

2. The purpose of long-term business

          Determine the long-term vision for your business and identifying what is to be achieved within 5 to 10 years or the period you choose. You may want to increase sales and profits by x%, to create value in your business, so that you can sell for a certain amount or might want to keep your business in the current conditions.

If you want growth, maybe your business strategy to increase market share, expand the range of products, investing in technology, getting investment, changing the business structure. See where

towards business goals is an opportunity to challenge the status quo of your business, step outside the box and think creatively.

3. How to get there

          The next business strategies, identify how you will achieve it. Notice in every area of ​​your business, determine what changes need to be done to achieve long-term vision. Determine how best to implement the change. Create an action plan of what to do and when. Finally, begin to apply your action plan.

4. Review your strategy regularly

         Review the long-term strategy on a regular basis to ascertain whether the plan is still relevant or not. Having a well thought through long-term business strategy will give you and your business run more focused and directed. It will help you significantly with business planning, time management and running your business from day to day.

Conclusions:

          if we want to be in the business world and the economy, especially in the era of globalization the world today to be able to talk, listen and understand English, then we should have some of these qualities in ourselves, namely:

1.Courage to take the initiative.

2.It's on time.

3.Calm serve and give.

4.Open yourself first.

5.Glad to cooperate and establish a good relationship.

6.Love to learn new things.

7.Rarely complain, professionalism is the most important.

8.Dare to risk.

9.Showed no fear (think positive all the time).

10."Comfortable in their own skin" Covering up something and make it look "better" than the other.

adverbial clause

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

   Definition of adverbial clause

    Pengertian Adverbial Clause

Adverb clause is a clause that explains or gives information about the verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in a sentence.

 (Adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menjelaskan atau memberi informasi tentang katakerja, kata sifat, dan kata keterangan dalam kalimat).

Adverbial clause is usually classified based on the "meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctions which preceded it).

(Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan “arti/maksud” dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya)).

In the book Accurate, Brief, and Clear English grammar explained that the adverb is an adverb or an additional word in use to describe a verb.

(Dalam buku Accurate, Brief, and Clear English grammar di jelaskan bahwa Adverb adalah kata keterangan atau kata tambahan yang di pakai untuk menerangkan kata kerja).

Adveb Clause is a form of dependent clauses. They can not stand sendirisebagai sentence in English. They must be connected to an independent clause. When the adverb clause is preceded by an independent clause, a comma is used untukmemisahkan clause, whereas when adveb clause followed by independenclause, usually do not use commas.

(Adveb Clause adalah bentuk dari anak kalimat yang dependen. Mereka tidak bisa berdiri sendirisebagai kalimat dalam bahasa inggris. Mereka harus dihubungkan menjadi independen clause. Ketika  adverb clause didahului dengan independen clause, tanda koma digunakan untukmemisahkan clause, sedangkan ketika adveb clause kemudian diikuti dengan independenclause, biasanya tidak menggunakan tanda koma).

1.    Clause of Time

Clause which shows the time. Usually made ​​by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as after, before, no Sooner, while, as, since, when, etc.

(Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, since, when, dll.)

Example :

·            When = I come to your house when she wants to go out.

( Saya dating kerumah kamu sewaktu dia akan pulang )

·            Since = He thief could not run away since the police had shot his leg.

( Pencuri itu tidak dapat melarikan diri karena polisi menembak kakinya )

·            Before = They will leave before you get here.

( Mereka akan pergi sebelum kamu sampai di sini )

·            While = She was reading a book while the dinner was cooking. 

( Dia sedang membaca buku ketika makan malam sedang dimasak )

·            No Sooner = No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

(Tidak lama setelah ia masuk dari dia memberi perintah )

2.   Clause of Place

Clause that indicates the place. Usually made ​​by using the conjunction as where, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc.

(Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.)

Example :

·            Where = I don’t know where my friend now

( saya tidak tau dimana teman saya sekarang )

·            Where = We don’t know where her husband worked

( Kami tidak tahu dimana suaminya bekerja )

·            Wherever = I always remember you wherever I stay.

( saya selalu ingat kamu dimanapun saya berada )

·            Wherever = She always smile day wherever she stay

( Dia selalu tersenyum dimanapun dia berada )

·            Wherever = Wherever you are, I'll always be faithful waiting.

         ( Di manapun kamu berada, aku akan selalu setia menunggu )

3.   Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause that indicates the existence of a conflict between two events or events that are related. Usually made ​​by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc.

(Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.)

Example :

·            As the time = As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

         (Seperti saat Anda sedang tidur, kami bekerja keras )

·            Whereas = Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.

         (Maria ingin berhenti, sedangkan saya ingin terus )

·            Even though = Even though the weather was cold , I went swimming.

         (Meskipun cuaca dingin, saya pergi berenang )

·            Although = although he was stern, but his heart is very good

         (Meskipun dia galak, tetapi hatinya sangat baik )

·            Even if = He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

         (Dia sangat ramah, bahkan jika dia adalah mahasiswa pintar )

4.   Clause of Manner

Clause which shows how the cars work is done or event occurs. Usually made ​​by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as, how, like, in that, etc.

(Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.)

Contoh :

·            Like  = They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

( Mereka mungkin mengalahkan kita lagi, seperti yang mereka lakukan pada tahun 1978 )

·            How = You may finish it how you like.

         ( Anda bisa menyelesaikannya bagaimana Anda suka )

·            As = He did as I told him.

         (Dia lakukan seperti yang saya katakan padanya )

5.   Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause which shows the relationship intentions / objectives and outcomes. Usually made ​​by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc.

(Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.)

Example :

·            In the hope that = In the hope that he can give goodeducation for his children.

(Dengan harapan bahwa dia bisa memberikan pendidikan yang baik untuk anak-anaknya )

·            In case = I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to reach me.

(Aku akan ada di rumah paman saya jika anda (harus) perlu menghubungi saya)

·            So that = She bought a book so (that) she could learn English.

(Dia membeli sebuah buku begitu (bahwa) dia bisa belajar bahasa Inggris )

·            So that = He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.

         (Dia menyimpan uang sehingga dia dapat mengambil liburan panjang )

6.   Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause indicating cause and effect relationships. There are some patterns to form this type of clause. Take a good look.

(Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik).

Example :

·            Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

(  Ryan berlari begitu cepat sehingga ia memecahkan rekor kecepatan sebelumnya )

·            It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.

( Hal ini begitu dingin kemarin bahwa saya tidak ingin berenang )

·            The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.

( Sup itu terasa begitu baik bahwa setiap orang akan meminta lebih )

·            The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

(Mahasiswa telah bersikap begitu buruk bahwa dia diberhentikan dari kelas )

Example :

·            The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

( The Smiths punya anak begitu banyak sehingga mereka membentuk tim bisbol sendiri )

·            I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

(Saya punya tawaran pekerjaan begitu sedikit bahwa tidak sulit untuk memilih salah satu )

Example :

·            He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.

( Dia telah menginvestasikan begitu banyak uang dalam proyek yang ia tidak bisa meninggalkannya sekarang )

·            The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

( Rumput yang diterima sehingga air kecil yang ternyata coklat panas )

Example :

·            It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

( Sungguh hari yang panas itu kami memutuskan untuk tinggal di dalam rumah )

·            It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

          ( Sungguh buku yang menarik bahwa ia tidak bisa meletakkannya )

Example :

·            She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

( Dia memiliki kemampuan luar biasa sehingga semua orang cemburu kepadanya )

·            They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

( Mereka adalah gambar yang indah sehingga semua orang akan ingin satu )

·            Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.

( Perry telah memiliki nasib buruk sehingga dia memutuskan untuk tidak berjudi )

·            This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

( Ini adalah pekerjaan rumah yang sulit sehingga saya tidak akan pernah menyelesaikannya )

In addition, to reveal the cause and effect relationships (cause and effect) can be used another pattern, namely:

(Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu: )

1.       Using preposition (preposition) as because of, due to, due to the fact that, etc.

(Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll.)

Example :

·            Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. => We stayed home because of the cold weather.

·            Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. => We stayed home due to the cold weather.

·            Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. => We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.

( Karena cuaca dingin, kami diam di rumah. => Kami diam di rumah karena cuaca dingin )

2.    Using conjunctions (conjunction) as Because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

(Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as).

Example :

·            Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.

( Karena ia mengantuk, ia pergi tidur )

·            Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.

( Karena dia tidak tertarik dengan musik klasik, ia memutuskan untuk tidak pergi ke konser )

·            Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

( Sejauh kedua pemimpin pemerintah tidak bisa mencapai kesepakatan, kemungkinan perdamaian masih jauh )

3.  Use transition words such as therefore, consequently.

(Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently).

Example :

·            Alex failed the test because he didn't study.

( Alex gagal tes karena dia tidak belajar )

·            Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.

( Alex tidak belajar. Oleh karena itu, ia gagal tes )

·            Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

( Alex tidak belajar. Akibatnya, dia gagal tes )

7.   Clause of Condition

Clause that indicates the existence of requirements between the two events (events) are related. Usually made ​​by using conjunctions such as if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event that, in case, Provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), etc.

(Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.)

Example :

§   If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

( Jika saya melihatnya, saya akan mengundang dia untuk besok partai )

§   She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.

( Dia akan mengampuni segala suaminya, kalau saja dia akan kembali padanya )

§   Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.

( Misalkan (bahwa) rumah Anda terbakar, apakah Anda memiliki asuransi cukup untuk menutupi kerugian tersebut )

§   In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.

( Dalam kasus perampokan terjadi di hotel, manajemen harus diberitahu sekaligus )

§   The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.

( Perusahaan akan setuju untuk arbitrase pada kondisi (itu) pemogokan disebut pergi secepatnya )

§   We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

( Kita harus dapat melakukan pekerjaan untuk Anda dengan cepat, asalkan (itu) Anda memberikan semua informasi yang diperlukan )

    Source  :

  http://febrinametalia.blogspot.com/2011/03/pengertian-adverbial-clause.html

  http://anitapurwati.wordpress.com/2011/03/29/adverbial-clause/

  http://karyariandiardika.blogspot.com/2011/02/adverb-clause.html

  http://lukmanulichwan.blogspot.com/2011/03/arti-adverb-clause-jenis-dan-contohnya.html

  http://www.scribd.com/doc/81175066/Adverb-Clause

reporting speech

Taking a business legacy
and changing with the times

Aruna Harjani | Business | Sat, April 25 2015, 12:05 PM

Business News

Scion of an affluent business family, Lance Gokongwei is reaching new heights with his own acumen.

There was a lot riding on the shoulders of Lance Gokongwei when he went into the family business, fresh out of university and still in his early 20s.

For one, his father, John Gokongwei, Jr., is one of the Philippines’ most successful businessmen and richest people. The younger Gokongwei was the second child and the only son of six children – “I grew up in Manila, as a privileged Chinese boy with a comfortable life”.

He did not choose to take the easy life. After graduating summa cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania and continuing on to Wharton, Gokongwei returned to help his father, then 61.

“My dad showed me the ropes of the business,” said the 48-year-old president and chief operating officer of JG Summit Holdings Inc (JGSHI) during a visit to Jakarta.

However, he has previously said that at the outset he did not work directly under the patriarch.

“When I first started, I did not report to my father. I worked for my uncle and another manager. If you are too close to the person, you usually won’t get good feedback. The parent might spoil the child or he may be too harsh. There is also danger of bringing issues and arguments home,” he told the Philippine Star in 2012.

Today, John Gokongwei has taken the position of the conglomerate’s chairman emeritus, and his son is charting a court to conquer Asia by flight and food: the company sells snacks, beverages and flying passengers.

“It has been a dream to have a pan-Asian company using a Filipino brand,” he said.

JGSHI consists of eight companies: Universal Robina, Robinsons Land, Cebu Pacific, UIC (37 percent stake), PLDT (8 percent), Meralco (27 percent), JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation and Robinsons Bank. The group has a total market capitalization of almost US$11 billion.

Universal Robina Corporation (food) Robinsons Land Corporation (property) Cebu Pacific (airline) and its core investments are the biggest contributors.

Robinsons Land Corporation owns 38 malls with a total of 1,056,000 sqm, 10 office buildings occupying 275,000 sqm and 12 hotels with 1,896 rooms (all of his five sisters are also involved in the businesses).

The company recognizes it also has to change with the times, and is meeting the needs of the growing middle class in many Asian cities, especially for food (it produces Piattos potato chips in Indonesia) and the growing leisure travel culture.

“In last 20 years we changed our portfolio, focusing on the middle class, particularly in Southeast Asia, where there are aspirations for better brands, quality and lifestyles,” he said.

“We opened factories in Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore to continue our presence. We operate 22 factories internationally.”

He would rather have the factories produce the snacks and beverages locally rather than exporting from the Philippines due to issues of shelf life and export costs.

Today, 25 percent of Universal Robina’s revenues come from sales outside the Philippines, and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) sales of food and beverages have reached close to $2 billion per annum.

“Ten years ago, Universal Robina had only one third of our sales today,” says the executive, adding that it recently acquired the 150-year-old New Zealand brand Griffin’s Foods, with plans to export its products to ASEAN and China.

Sky high

He learned from his father how to roll with the punches when a business deal falls through.

The family had once been interested in acquiring Philippine Airlines, but lost their bid to well-to-do businessman Lucio Tan in1995. Like any successful businesspeople, they dusted themselves off and looked for the next opportunity.

Later, during a trip to the US, the family patriarch read an article about new low-cost budget airline Southwest.

“My father came back and asked me if I want to assist him to open up a low cost budget airline. I said yes,” he said.

From a fleet of a few aircraft in 1996, Cebu Pacific Air has now flown close to 100 million passengers – living up to its slogan “Why everyone flies”. In 2010, Cebu Pacific raised over $600 million in its initial public offering; it is the largest carrier in the Philippines and flies to 28 destinations.

In 2014, its 55 aircraft ferried almost 17 million passengers – a 17 percent rise from passenger numbers the year before.

“Our airline holds over 60 percent of the domestic market share in the Philippines but 40 percent of the revenues of the airlines comes from the international routes,” he said.

He is also focusing on its petrochemical enterprise. The first of its kind in the Philippines, the company will make integrated polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), the basic building blocks for plastics.

He may seem to have enjoyed a charmed life, but there were difficulties, too. His eldest sister, Robina, was briefly kidnapped in 1981, and he and his sisters were sent to the safety of Singapore for high school.

But Lance Gokongwei obviously learned many lessons under his father; in the 2012 Philippine Star interview, he talked about his father’s “10 unwritten commandments”, including no moonlighting, no conflicts of interest, no pay for no work, regeneration and always having one boss in control for decision-making for his children and other relatives.

After a privileged childhood, his father’s family also fell on hard times in China, and the teenage John Gokongwei hawked goods on the street.

Lance Gokongwei no doubt grew up hearing those stories of his father’s determination against the odds. He advises the young generation to work hard and maintain persistence and grip when challenges arise.

“Life is full of problems. Never give up!” he said. (Aruna Harjani)

ENGLISH DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat langsung (Direct Speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”. Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan bentuk waktu reporting verb.

PENJELASAN

Untuk lebih memahami perbedaan antara direct speeh dengan indirect speech dapat dilihat dari contoh dibawah ini :

• He said : “ I am very hungry” (Direct speech)

• He said that he was very hungry (Indirect speech)

Catatan :

Dari contoh diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan antara direct speech dan indirect speech adalah bahwa dalam direct speech atau kalimat langsung memakai tanda kutip sedangkan dalam indirect speech atau kalimat tidak langsung tanda kutip tidak dipakai.

Direct dan Indirect speech dapat dibagi dalam 3 bagian :

1. Command (Perintah)

2. Statement (Pernyataan)

3. Question (Pertanyaan)

Penjelasan Tentang Statement

STATEMENT(Pernyataan)

Dalam indirect statement, “that” digunakan sebagai penghubung antar kalimat pengantar dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported speech)

Kalimat pengantar dalam statement :

He said

+that+reported words

He told me

Contoh-contoh :

• Direct : He said, “Adi is ill”

Indirect : He said that adi was ill

• Direct : She told me, “I am studying English now”

Indirect : she told me that she was studying English now

• Direct : Rina said, “he will work hard”

Indirect : Rina said that he would work hard

Catatan:

Ada beberapa perubahan perubahan dari Direct ke Indirect Speech

1. To be and Auxiliries

2. Time and Place

3. Tenses

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :

1.        To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct                                       Indirect

Am/is/are                    -             was/were

Shall/will                     -             should/would

Can                             -             could

May                            -             might

Must                         

Have/has to                 -             had to

Ought to

2.        Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct                                       Indirect

now                                 -           then

tomorrow                         -           the following day

next week                        -           the following week

tonight                             -           that night

today                               -           that day

yesterday                         -           the day before

last night                          -           the night before

last week                         -           the week before,

                                                    the precious week

here                                  -           there

this                                   -           that

these                                -           those

3.        Tenses

Direct                                       Indirect

Simple present                   -        simple past

Simple past

                                           -        past perfect

Present perfect

Present continous              -        past continous

Present perfect continous  -        past perfect continous

Simple future                     -        past future

EXERCISE

1 .Robby says: “I have taken a bath”

A.Robby Said that he had taken a bath.

B. Robby Said that he has taken a bath.

C. Robby Said that he have taken a bath.

Pembahasan:

Karena have adalah V1 maka kita harus menggunakan pola perubahan yang pertama: mengganti kata yang jatuh setelah subjek:

V1 –> V2 yakni have –>had. Perubahan yang sebenarnya terjadi adalah Present Perfect tense –> Past Perfect tense.

2.Rasyid asks me: “did you come to school yesterday?”

A. Rasyid asked me if I had to come school the day before.

B.Rasyid asked me if I had come to school the day before.

C. Rasyid asked me if I has comes to school the day before.

Pembahasan:

V2 –> Past perfect. Perubahan yang terjadi sebenarnya adalah dari Simple Past tense menjadi Past Perfect tense.

3. Gafur says: ” I will have finished my duty in the end of this month”

A. Gafur said that he whose have finished his duty in the end of this month.

B. Gafur said that he would has finished his duty in the end of this month.

C.Gafur said that he would have finished his duty in the end of this month.

Pembahasan:

Pola yang kita gunakan adalah yang pertama karena will adalah V 1:

V1 (will) –> V2 (would). Perubahan yang terjadi adalah future perfect tense menjadi Past future perfect tense. Tapi sekali lagi kita tidak perlu menghafalkannya, cukup memahami pola prinsip yang saya tulis di atas.

4. Did they eat out together yesterday?

A. He asked me if they had eaten out together yesterday.

B. He asked me if they had eaten out together the day before.

C. He asked me if they has eaten out together the day before.

Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa yes-no question dengan time reference “yesterday”. Time reference perlu diubah menjadi “the day before” atau” the previous day”.

5. Don’t turn off the light now.

A. He told me don't turn off the light at that time.

B. He told me not to turn off the light at that time.

C. He told me didn't turn off the light at that time.

Pembahasan:

Verb menjadi infinitive pada reporting commands (perintah).

6. What’s your passion?

A. She wanted to know what is my passion.

B. She wanted to know what was my passion.

C. She wanted to know what my passion was.

Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa wh- question (information request) –> pindahkan verb ke belakang subject (word order).

7. I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.

A. He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

B. He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

C. He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa statement (pernyataan) dengan verb simple present tense. Verb diubah menjadi simple past tense (penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan merupakan past conversation).

8.The teacher asked the lazy students…..the English classes

A.How often he had attended

B.That he attended

C.When had he attended1 .Robby says: “I have taken a bath”

Pembahasan :

Jawaban How often he had attended karenapertanyaan menyatakan intensitasmurid yang malas tersebut menghindari kelas pelajaran bahasa inggris

9. Your friend has just left.

A. He told me that your friend had just left.

B. He told me that my friend has just left.

C. He told me that my friend had just left.

Pembahasan:

Verb present perfect tense disesuaikan menjadi past perfect tense.

10. Can I borrow your pencil for a moment?

A. She asked me if she can borrow my pencil for a moment.

B. She asked me whether she can borrow my pencil for a moment.

C. She asked me whether she could borrow my pencil for a moment.

Pembahasan:

Modal verb “can” (present) disesuakan menjadi “could” (past).

11. Why are you staring at my feet?

A. He asked her why she is staring at his feet.

B. He asked her why she was staring at his feet.

C. He asked her why was she staring at his feet.

Pembahasan:

Verb present continuous tense pada direct speech menjadi past continuous tense pada reported speech.

12. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

A. He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.

B. He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

C. He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Pembahasan:

Verb tidak berubah (menjadi past) karena pernyataan berupa general truth.

13. I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.

A. She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day.

B. She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.

C. She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.

Pembahasan:

Time reference “tomorrow” disesuaikan menjadi “the next day” atau “the following day”.

14. We have been here for a week.

A. They said they had been there for a week.

B. They said they had been here for a week.

C. They said we had been there for a week.

Pembahasan:

“Here” pada direct speech diubah menjadi “there”.

15.    Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?

Raul         : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.

A. had gone to his country          

B. he has gone to his country      

C. he will go to his country

    Pembahasan :

  ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus

                                   past perfect)

16.    Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?

Jenifer   : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?

Ferdy     : he wanted to know ____

A. if Mary was absent          

B. why Mary was absent         

 C. . why Mary had been absent

    Pembahasan:

 (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk

                                  past perfect)

17.    Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.

Herman  : Okay, mom.

Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?

Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.

A. I wasn’t so noisy         

B. not to be so noisy          

C. don’t be noisy

    Pembahasan:

 B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

18.   Doctor   : Open your mouth!

    Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?

    Son       : The doctor told me ____

    A. that I open his mouth          

    B. if I opened my mouth          

    C. to open my mouth

        Pembahasan :

  (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)\

19.   Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?

Mother asked me ____

A. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken

B. whether I want meatball or fried chicken

C. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken

   Pembahasan:

 A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

20. I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.”

    A.He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

    B.He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

    C.He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

    Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa statement (pernyataan) dengan verb simple present tense. Verb diubah menjadi simple past tense (penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan merupakan past conversation).

CONTOH ARTIKEL MANUSIA DAN HARAPAN

CONTOH ARTIKEL MANUSIA DAN HARAPAN

Berubah Menjadi Pribadi Yang Luar Biasa

Berubah…..! Saudara yang gemar atau pernah mengemari film kartun Ultraman pasti kenal dengan selogan tersebut. Yap…! Berubah merupakan suatu trasformasi dari sebuah kondisi menuju kondisi yang lainnya.

Seperhi halnya Ultraman yang berubah dari sosok manusia biasa menjadi ‘Super Hero’ yang luar biasa, hendaknya kita juga bisa berubah dari pribadi yang biasa menjadi pribadi yang luar biasa. Kemudian akan muncul pertanyaan, bagaimana sih agar kita bisa berubah menjadi luar biasa…? Sebelum kita membahas jawabannya, ada baiknya kalau kita tilik dulu sepenggal kisah kehidupan berikut.

Alkisah ada sebuah batu bata yang kini dia sudah sangat siap untuk ditata dan menjadi salah satu elemen pembentuk suatu bangunan. Sebelumnya, ternyata sungguh sangat berat fase yang harus dilalui. Dia diadopsi dari rahim ibunya, tanah liat berkualitas bagus melalui seleksi yang ketat dari sang pengrajin batu bata. Kemudian diproseslah dia, dengan proses yang mungkin sangat menyakitkan. Di diinjak-injak, dipukul-pukul, disiram air, dicukil batu krikil yang melekat juga kotoran-kotoran lainnya. Setelah itu, barulah dia bisa dicetak setelah sebelumnnya diuji kelayakannya untuk bisa dicetak. Penderitaan belum selesai, setelah dicetak, fase berikutnya telah menunggu yaitu dia harus dijemur, bergulat dengan panas matahari hingga kering. Tak hanya di situ rupanya fase yang harus dia tempuh, setelah kering kini dia harus dibakar..! Nah kini dia telah menjadi batu bata sejati yang siap bermanfaat untuk mahluk lain. Dia siap menjadi elemen pembentuk bangunan yang kokoh.

Saudara, dari cerita tadi kira-kira hikmah apa yang bisa kita mabil? Benar, dalam bermetamorfosa akan banyak sekali fase kehidupan yang kita lalui. Semua harus siap dengan segala kemungkinan terbuaruk dan menyakitkan dari fase-fase yang akan kita tempuh demi mencapai perubahan yang lebih baik.

Lalu bagaimana agar kita bisa melalui fase-fase tersebut dengan sukses dan mencapai hasil yang terbaik? Kuncinya adalah, kita harus tahu dan paham tentang ilmunya yang benar, lalu kita harus giat belajar dan berlatih dengan telaten, serta banyak-banyak memohon kepada-Nya.

Saudara, perubahan adalah siklus yang harus kita jalanai dalam hidup ini, satu hal yang harus kita catat dan jalanai bersama adalah kita harus menempuh siklus hidup ini demi menuju ke arah yang lebih baik agar kita termasuk orang-orang yang beruntung, seperti yang telah Rasulullah SAW sabdakan bahwa orang yang beruntung adalah orang yang hari ini lebih baik dari kemarin, terus kalau orang yang hari ini sama dengan hari kemarin dia dalah orang yang merugi, sedangkan hari ini lebih buruk dari hari kemarin maka dia dalah orang yang celaka

CONTOH ARTIKEL MANUSIA DAN KEGELISAHAN

CONTOH ARTIKEL MANUSIA DAN KEGELISAHAN

Mengatasi Kecemasan: Apa Aku Khawatir? (1)

Aduh! Saringan udaranya sepertinya kotor….. Apa harus dibawa ke bengkel ya?.... Aku sedang tidak punya uang untuk membayar ongkosnya…. Tampaknya aku harus mengambil uang dari dana sekolaah Jamie.. Bgaimana kalau aku tidak bisa membayar SPP-nya?... Rapornya jelek minggu lalu… Bagaimana kalau nilai-nilainya merosot dan dia tidak dapat masuk perguruan tinggi?.... Sarinag udaranya sepertinay kotor…….

Demikianlah kira-kira pikiran khawatir yang terus-menerus bergulir dalam suatu lingkaran melodrama sehari-hari yang tak ada habis-habisnya, suatu rentetan kecemasan akan membawa ke rentetan berikutnya dan akan kembali ke awal lagi. Contoh di atas diberikan oleh Lizabeth Roemer dan Thomas Borkovec, ahli-ahli osikologi dari Pennsylvania State University, yang penelitiannya tentang kekhawatiran (inti segala kecemasan) telah mengangkat topik itu sebagai gangguan kejiwaan menjadi bagian dari sains.

Tentu saja tidak ada salahnya seorang khawatir, dengan terus menerus memikirkan suatu masalah, yaitu memanfaatkan refeksi yang konstruktif, yang bisa jadi mirip khawatir dan dapat diperoleh suatu pemecahan. Sebenarnya, reaksi yang mendasari kekhawatiran adalah kewaspadaan terhadap bahaya yang mungkin, yang –tak diragukan lagi- merupakan bagian sangat penting bagi kelangsungan hidup selama perjalanan evolusi. Bila rasa takut memicu otak emosional, bagian dari rasa cemas yang muncul akan memusatkan perhatian pada ancaman yang sedang dihadapi, memaksa pikiran untuk terus-menerus memikirkan bagaimana mengatasi permasalahan yang ada dan mengabaikan hal-hal lain untuk sementara waktu. Dalam artian tertentu, kekhawatiran merupakan latihan terhadap apa-apa yang tidak beres dan bagaimana mengatasinya; peran kekhawatiran adalah mencari pemecahan positif akan resiko dalam kehidupan dengan mengantisipasi bahaya sebelum bahaya itu muncul.

Yang merepotkan adalah kekhawatiran kronis yang terus-menerus berulang yaitu kekhawatiran yang tak berujung pangkal dan tak pernah mendekati pemecahan positif. Sutau analisis yang cukup dipercaya mengenai kekhawatiran kronis menyatakan bahwa kekhawatiran memiliki semua ciri pembajakan emosi tingkat rendah: kekhawatiran muncul entah dari mana, tak dapat dikendalikan, menimbulkan dengung kecemasan terus-menerus, tak dapat ditembus oleh nalar, dan mengunci orangnya ke dalam suatu pandangan tunggal yang kaku tentang masalah yang merisaukan. Bila siklus kekhawatiran yang sama ini semakin menghambat dan tak kunjung hilang, kekhawatiran itu kan berubah menjadi pembajakan saraf dan gangguan kecemasan yang berlanjut: fobia, terobsesi dan kompulsif, mudah panik. Pada masing-masing gangguan ini kekhawatiran tampil dalam polanya sendiri-sendiri, bagi penderita fobia, kecemasan terpaku pada situasi yang ditakutkan; bagi penderita obsesi, kekhawatiran terpusat pada bagaimana mencegah bencana yang ditakutkan; pada penderita mudah panik, kekhawatiran dapat terfokus pada takut mati atau pada kemungkinan terserang panik itu sendiri.

Pada setiap penyakit ini, ciri khasnya dalah kekhawatiran tampil dalam bentuk yang amat sangat berlebih-lebihan. Misalnya, seorang wanita yang mengalami pengobatan karena gangguan obsesif-kumpulsif melalukan serangkaian acara arutin yang menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya: mandi selama 45 menit beberapa kali sehari, cuci tangan selama lima menit dua puluh kali atau lebih dalam sehari. Ia tidak mau duduk kecuali bila kursinya disucihamakan terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan alkohol. Ia juga tak mau menyetuh anak-anak atau hewan piaraan karena keduanya “terlampu kotor”. Semua kompulsi ini disebabkan oleh ketakutannya yang luar biasa hebat terhadap bibit penyakit; ia terus menerus risau bahwa tanpa mandi dan menyucihamakan segala sesuatunya, ia akan terserang penyakit dan mati.

Seorang wanita yang sedang menjalani pengobatan karena “gangguan kecemasan umum” (istilah psikiatri bagi orang yang terus-menurs dihinggapi rasa khawatir) menanggapi permintaan untuk mengungkapan apa yang dicemasakannnya selama satu menit sebagai berikut:

Mungkin saya tidak dapat melaukannya dengan baik. Ini terlalu dibuat-buat sehingga bukan merupakan indikasi yang sesungguhnya padahal kita perlu hal-hal yang betul nyata…. Karena bila tidak memperolah yang nyata, saya tidak akan sembuh. Dan bila saya tidak sembuh, saya tidak akan bahagia….

Dalam peragaan kecemasan akan kesemasan yang maat luar biasa tersebut, permintaan untuk mengungkapkan kecemasan hanya dalam satu menit itu, dalam beberap adetik saja, telah berkembang menjadi kontemplasi akan terjadinya bencana seumur hidup: “Saya tidak akan pernah bahagia”. Kecemasan biasanya mengikuti alur pemikiran semacam itu, kisah akan diri sendiri yang melompat-lompat dari satu masalah ke masalah lain dan amat sering melibatkan catastrophizing, yaitu membayangkan terjadinya tragedi mengerikan. Kekhawatiran hampir selalu diungkapakan pada telinga pikiran, bukan pada mata pikiran (jadi, dalam kata-kata, bukan dalam imaji) suat fakta yang amat berarti untuk mengendalikan kekhawatiran.

Borkovec dan rekan-reakannya mulai mempelajari kekhawatiran itu sendiri ketika mereka berupaya mencari pengobatan untuk insomnia. Menurut pengamatan peneliti-peneliti lain, kecemasan muncul dalam dua bentuk: kognitif, atau kecemasan yang muncul akibat adanya pikiran yang meriasukan, dan somatik, yaitu kecemasan yang mengakibatkan gejala-gejala fisologis, seperti berpeluh, jantung berdebar-debar, atau ketegangan otot. Menurut Borkovec, seorang penderita insomnia bukan karena alsan somatik. Yang membuat mereka selalu terjaga adalah pikiran-pikiran yang menganggu. Penderita insomnia adalah tukang khawatir kronis, dan tak henti-hentinya khawatir meskipun mereka sangat mengantuk. Salah satu cara yang berhasil untuk menolong mereka agar tertidur adalah menjauhkan mereka dari pikiran-pikiran yang mencemaskan, memusatkan perhatian pada perasaan-perasaan hasil metode selaksai. Pendek kata, kekhawatiran dapat dihentikan dengan mengalihkan perhatian.

Tetapi, sebagian orang-orang yang mudah khawatir agaknya amat sulit melakuknnya. Borkovec yakin bahwa alasannya ada kaitannya dengan keuntungan yang diperoleh dari kekhawatiran yang justru memperkuat kebiasaan tersebut. Kekhawatiran tampaknya juga memunculkan suat yang positif: kekhawatian adalah cara untuk menghadapi kemungkinan ancaman, mengatasi bahaya-bahaya yang mungkin datang. Fungsi kekhawatiran (apabila berhasil) adalah untuk melatih mengenali bahaya, dan menyajikan pemecahan untuk menghadapinya. Tetapi kekhawatiran tidak selalu sesukses itu.

Pemecahan dan pola padang yang baru akan suatu masalah biasanya tidak datang dari rasa khawatir, apalagi kekhawatiran kronis. Tukang-tukang khawatir biasannya bukan mencari pemecahan masalah potensial, mereka justru membayang-bayangkan bahaya itu sendiri, dan dengan cara sedemikian rupa menenggelamkan diri dalm ketakutan yang berkaitan dengan bahaya itu sementara tetap berpijak pada pola pikir yang sama. Penderita tahap kronis merisaukan segala macam sesuatu, sebagian besar di antaranya hampir tak mungkin terjadi; mereka menghawatirkan bahaya-bahaya dalam hidup mereka yang orang lain tak pernah merisaukannya.

Namun, penderita tahap kronis mengemukakan kepada Borkovec bahwa kekhawatiran membantu mereka, dan bahwa kekhawatiran mereka terus-menerus muncul, suatu lingkaran pemikiran yang didorong oleh kecemasan yang tak berujung. Mengapa kekhawatiran menjadi suatu yang mirip dengan kecanduan mental? Anehnya, sebagaimana diutarakan oleh Borkovac, kebiasaan khawatir itu begitu kuat sehingga mirip takhayul. Karena orang mengkhawatirkan banyak hal yang kecil kemungkinannya akan sungguh-sungguh terjadi (contoh: orang yang dikasihi tewas dalam kecelakaan, jatuh bangkrut, dan semacamnya), maka pasti ada daya tarik tersendiri dalam kekhawatiran, setidak-tidaknya bagi limbik yang primitif. Seperti jimat untuk mengusir roh-roh jahat, secara psikologis, kekhawatiran berguna untuk mencegah bahaya yang dicemaskan.